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    25 October 2023, Volume 45 Issue 10
    Optimal Operation and Control
    Refined collaborative optimized operation of integrated energy systems considering nonlinear energy efficiency of equipment under variable operating conditions
    ZHAO Huirong, LI Tianchen, ZHOU Quan, PENG Daogang
    2023, 45(10):  1-9.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.001
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    Multiple energies including electricity, heat, cold and gas are coupled in the integrated energy system(IES). Energy conversion equipment and energy transportation equipment installed in the system feature nonlinear operation under variable conditions, leading to the magnificent gap between supply and demand. And the output allocation among multiple units of the same type is uneven under variable operating conditions. Therefore, a refined collaborative optimization method for the IES considering the non-linearity of equipment under variable operating conditions is proposed. Firstly, the cooperative optimized operation architectures for different types of units under nonlinear operation and variable working conditions are constructed. Then, nonlinear operation curves of the units under variable conditions are segmented and linearized. Taking the energy consumption of pumps and pipeline flow balance constraint into consideration can improve the supply-demand balance and the reliability of the IES. The optimization scheduling model takes the minimum daily operating cost as the optimization goal. The model is simulated on a IES under multiple scenarios. The simulation results show that considering the non-linear operation characteristic of different units of the same type under variable working conditions can effectively reduce the operating cost and supply-demand gap of power systems.

    Integrated energy system operation optimization model considering double uncertainties
    YU Xiaobao, ZHAO Wenjing, SUN Yixin
    2023, 45(10):  10-17.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.002
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    Wide application of renewable energy is effective in alleviate greenhouse gas emissions, and the integrated energy system is an important way to improve its utilization efficiency. However, the randomness of distributed new energy output can lead to unstable operation of the system. Based on the study on the uncertainty of distributed energy outputs and prices,an integrated energy system optimization model considering the two uncertainties above is proposed. And the model takes the highest renewable energy accommodation rate and minimum operating cost as optimization objectives. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed model is verified by an integrated energy system of a demonstrative base located in the Yangzi River Delta, laying the foundation for pursuing carbon neutrality.

    Comprehensive evaluation method for multi-scenario optimization operation modes of the integrated energy system
    ZHONG Yongjie, JI Ling, LI Jingxia, TAN Tingfang, FAN Zhongming, LI Haohang
    2023, 45(10):  18-24.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.003
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    Integrated energy systems dispatch and distribute heterogeneous energy with reasonable optimization strategy to achieve joint energy supply by taking advantages of the complementarity between different energy resources, improve the efficiency of comprehensive energy utilization, increase the penetration rate of renewable energy, and enhance the reliability of energy supply. A comprehensive evaluation method for multi-scenario optimization operation mode of integrated energy systems based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is proposed. The evaluation indexes,including energy saving rate, energy loss, new energy proportion, new energy consumption rate and operation and maintenance cost,are described. Then, models of the multi-scenario optimization operation modes including economic operation mode,environmental protection operation mode and energy saving operation mode are established. Then, the hierarchical structure of the AHP-based comprehensive evaluation method for an integrated energy system is established. The evaluation process includes constructing a comprehensive judgment matrix, making single-criteria ranking and its consistency test, and making multiple-criteria ranking and its consistency test. The results of a study case show that the proposed comprehensive evaluation method can effectively evaluate the optimal operation mode of integrated energy systems.

    Optimal scheduling of the data center integrated energy system considering load response characteristics
    YU Wenchang, CHEN Yonggang, CAO Junbo, ZUO Luyuan, ZHANG Xiangyin, YANG Xiu
    2023, 45(10):  25-34.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.004
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    In the collaboration of "computing power + electric power" under the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality,the data center,whose power consumption is substantive and growing rapidly,has great potential in carbon emission reduction and load regulation. To give full play to the flexibility of data center loads,an optimal scheduling strategy of the data center integrated energy system considering the load response characteristics is proposed. Firstly,an optimized scheduling framework for the data center integrated energy system is established. The load response characteristics and equipment energy consumption of the data center are modelled,to study the cold,heat and electric loads of the data center. Then,the objective function and constraint conditions are determined,and the optimization model is established to minimize the operation cost of the data center energy system. Finally,the simulation analysis is made on a data center. Comparing the performances of the data center energy system under different scenarios, the optimal strategy with the optimal allocation of workloads is figured out which can effectively reduce the system cost and energy consumption.

    Optimal scheduling of integrated energy systems in agricultural parks based on improved probability planning algorithm
    LIU Yanru, ZHANG Ruiping, DONG Haiying
    2023, 45(10):  35-43.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.005
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    To address the problems of high energy consumption and low renewable energy accommodation capacity in an integrated energy system of an agricultural park, an optimal scheduling method based on improved dynamic probabilistic planning is proposed for the system. The overall structure of an integrated energy system is established considering the diversity of energy sources in the agricultural park. Then, based on the loads' adjustability of the agricultural park, the optimal scheduling model for the integrated energy system is established with the minimum total operating cost as the objective function. Finally, by replacing Gaussian probability distributions with triangular probability distributions, the uncertainty optimization problems of probabilistic planning algorithm are transformed into deterministic optimization problems. Testing the improved probabilistic planning algorithm on an agricultural park in the Northwest of China, the test results show that the proposed algorithm can reduce the comprehensive operation cost of the integrated energy system in the agricultural park. In summer, the daily operating cost of the system can be reduced by 45.52%, and the new energy consumption rate can be increased by 35.57 percentage points.In winter, the daily operating cost of the system is reduced by 37.42%, and the new energy consumption rate is increased by 26.25 percentage points.

    Optimal configuration of integrated energy systems considering gas and thermal inertia
    MIAO Cairan, ZHU Yaopei, WANG Qi
    2023, 45(10):  44-52.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.006
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    The integrated energy systems coupling electricity,gas and heat resources is of flexible inertia. Given that both the thermal system and natural gas system have similar slow-dynamic characteristics,they can provide buffer space for external power fluctuations. In the context of power shortage, gas-thermal inertia of integrated energy systems can provide power support for power grid faults. Firstly, mathematical models are established based on the gas-thermal inertia characteristics. Then,an operation strategy of the integrated energy system considering gas-thermal inertia is proposed. Aiming at the optimal economy,an optimization model for the energy system is established to solve the power shortage. The feasibility of the proposed strategy is verified under different practical scenarios, and the optimal economic operation solutions of the integrated energy system considering gas-thermal inertia under different conditions are given.

    Intelligent Algorithms for New Energy
    PV system fault diagnosis based on random forest classifier optimized by improved atomic orbital search algorithm
    YANG Xiaoyan, XIE Mancheng, GUO Xiaoxuan, ZHAO Yan, CHEN Chongmin, CHEN Zimin, LIAO Zhuoying
    2023, 45(10):  53-60.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.007
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    The random forest classifier optimized by improved atomic orbital search algorithm(IAOS-RF)is applied in PV system fault diagnosis and classification to improve the accuracy and effective. This algorithm introduces adaptive weight mechanism and reverse learning mechanism to photon emission and photon absorption to update the position of electrons, which can effectively enhance the algorithm's comprehensive exploration and development capabilities in the search space. Based on a set of fault data from a grid-connected PV system, the differences in performances between the proposed improved algorithm and fundamental algorithms are compared. The results showed that IAOS-RF has the highest fault classification accuracy among the algorithms, reaching 98%. At the same time, its diagnosis, with a fast convergence rate, requires the least times of iterations to be stable. In the end, in the view of the limitations in the proposed algorithm, the problems need to be improved in the future are discussed.

    Integrated energy demand forecasting for the park based on the Transformer algorithm
    YIN Yuchen, LIU Yuhang, MA Yuanqian, LEI Yi
    2023, 45(10):  61-69.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.008
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    Accurate forecasting on integrated energy demands will be the basis for the scheduling and energy efficiency assessment of regional integrated energy systems. Integrated energy demand forecasting is infected by multiple factors. And being hampered by complex design parameters and low calculation efficiency,there is plenty of room for the optimization of current long series prediction method. Therefore,an integrated energy demand forecasting method based on Transformer algorithm is proposed. Firstly,influencing factors are screened from pre-processed data by the influence factor selection model for the cooling,heating and electricity loads in a park. Secondly,similar days are categorized based on the Euclidean distance,which lays a foundation for the integrated energy prediction. Then,a forecasting model for cooling,heating and electricity loads based on Transformer algorithm is established to predict the integrated energy demand in the park. Finally,the proposed forecasting model is tested on a park located in eastern China,and the results verified its prediction accuracy and effectiveness.

    Market and Flow Analysis
    Power flow models and calculation methods applied in integrated energy systems
    WU Dongye, YANG Di, JIN Xu, HONG Wenpeng, YE Shaoyi, ZHAO Xiaoming
    2023, 45(10):  70-81.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.009
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    Multi-energy flow analysis is a crucial and fundamental link for the state estimation,security analysis and optimal regulation of an integrated energy system(IES). To study the mutual conversion and coupling of electric power,gas,thermal power and cold energy with power flow analysis,two main research directions of integrated energy system power flow analysis are compared. The first one is to calculate the system's operating state,including steady-state and dynamic power flow,based on known parameters under a certain operating condition.On this basis, the second one considers the impact of uncertain parameters on system operation,and study the uncertain power flow through probabilistic power flow analysis.The research progress made in multi-energy hybrid flow and limitations of current decoupling methods are pointed out,and the optimal power flow solution and its applications are summarized. The results show that the multi-energy steady-state flow calculation is relatively mature,but the dynamic power flow model mostly solved by the differential method lacks accuracy and solution efficiency.Uncertainty power flow requires highly on data and cannot balance computing accuracy and efficiency.The optimal power flow model mainly focuses on single-objective optimization,while seldom considers multiple objectives or uncertain factors.Finally,the limitations of hybrid energy power flow calculation in terms of its model constraints and algorithm complexity are proposed,and its prospects are made.

    Analysis on the coupling between the auxiliary service market and multiple types of markets for integrated energy systems
    WANG Jiahao, MA Hengrui, WANG Bo, LI Xiaozhu, QIN Lidong, WANG Gangfei, WU Shidong
    2023, 45(10):  82-92.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2023.10.010
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    The integrated energy system has a significant impact on the green transformation of energy industry in China under the dual carbon target. With the progress of power market reforms, studying the coupling mechanisms between the auxiliary services market, carbon market, green certificate market, and green electricity market can facilitate the integrated energy systems' participating in new energy market construction, while promoting large-scale new energy consumption and development. Based on the experience from foreign energy markets on behalf of those in the U.S. and Europe, the development status and feasibility of auxiliary service market coupling with other markets are analyzed in combination with the characteristics of the domestic energy market. By examining the overlapping of the auxiliary services market and various energy market in terms of trading prices,development, roles, and policy backgrounds, their coordinated operation mechanism is analyzed. Furthermore, key points and recommendations are proposed regarding to transactions, rules, and objectives of the market coupling.