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    25 February 2024, Volume 46 Issue 2
    AI Applications in Energy Distribution
    Digitization of new-type electric power systems based on digital twin technology
    LI Chengyun, YANG Dongsheng, ZHOU Bowen, YANG Bo, LI Guangdi
    2024, 46(2):  1-11.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.001
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    With the proposal of the "dual carbon" target, large-scale clean energy, power electronic equipment and new-type loads are connected to the power system. The traditional power system management and control mode can hardly cope with bilateral randomness and enhanced volatility,which seriously challenges the safe and stable operation of the power system. As an important digitalization means, digital twin has become a new method for power system transformation and upgrading. In response to the profound and complex changes in the internal mechanism of new-type power systems, the development process and research status of digital twin technology applied in power systems are summarized. The digital transformation of power systems is analyzed from three aspects: requirements for new power systems' digitalization, digital modeling methods, and digital platform construction. Finally, a new power system modeling method and framework based on digital twin technology are proposed.

    Stability analysis on islanded microgrids with grid-forming and grid-following converters
    ZHANG Xinyi, YANG Bo
    2024, 46(2):  12-18.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.002
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    There is stability problem in islanded microgrids dominated by electronic devices resulting from low system inertia and no frequency support,which is aggravated by constant-power load. Thus, the islanded microgrids with grid-forming and grid-following converters are studied with constant-power load taken into consideration. First, a small-signal model of a microgrid power system is developed. And the upper limit of the grid-forming converters' droop coefficient is obtained from the study on the impacts of droop coefficients on the stability by eigenvalue analysis. Then, the influences of system parameters and control parameters on the stability of small signals are analysed by participation factor. Finally, the analytical results are examined by the switching-function model constructed in Matlab Simulink.

    Multi-stage optimal allocation of energy storage considering long-term load probability prediction
    LI Yimin, DONG Haiying, DING Kun, WANG Jinyan
    2024, 46(2):  19-27.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.003
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    With the gradual penetration of high-proportion new energy into the power grid,the randomness and uncertainty of its output puts forward higher requirements for the safe and stable operation of the power system. An energy storage device can be taken as a power user and a flexibility source, improving the regulation capacity of the power grid. When it is applied on grid side,its power and capacity configuration will affect the stable operation and economic planning of the power system. A multi-stage optimal allocation method of energy storage considering long-term load probability prediction is proposed, to reasonably allocate the capacity of independent large-scale energy storage devices on grid side. Firstly, the cost-effectiveness analysis is conducted on the independent energy storage device on grid side, then the long-term load probability prediction model based on nonparametric combinatorial regression is used to achieve the multi-stage economic optimization. And the optimization model is established and solved by improved particle swarm algorithm. Finally,taking a power system in Jiuquan area as the study case, the sensitivity analysis of energy storage economy is made from the two aspects, peak-valley electricity price difference and new energy utilization rate, and the results verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed optimal allocation method.

    Short-term wind power forecasting based on variational mode decomposition and generative adversarial networks
    JIANG Shanhe, LI Wei, XU Xiaoyan, WANG Dekai
    2024, 46(2):  28-35.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.004
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    Although certain progress has been achieved on wind power predictability and prediction accuracy, the short-term prediction accuracy is restricted by the strong nonlinearity of meteorological and wind power data. Hence, the improvement on short-term wind power prediction is a research hotspot. To deal with the nonlinearity and instability of wind power data, a short-term wind power forecasting method based on variational model decomposition and generative adversarial networks is proposed. The method introduces variational mode decomposition to disperse the nonlinearity of wind power data and decompose the complex sequence of prediction task into several simple sequences. Activation function and loss function are designed to solve the instability of traditional generative adversarial network models, and the key parameters of the designed activation function are analysed. The proposed method is tested on the data from a Bengaluru wind farm, showing a decent prediction result. Its forecasting mean square error is 79.65% and 51.83% lower than that of long short-term memory and variational mode decomposition-long short-term memory,respectively.

    Active and reactive power coordinated secondary control based on control sensitivity in microgrids
    GONG Wei, SUN Dan, LI Yiyuan
    2024, 46(2):  36-42.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.005
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    The values of resistance and reactance of lines in the microgrid of medium and low voltage levels are quite close,leading to weak decoupling of active and reactive power during power flow control. If the secondary control on microgrid operates in line with the control method of a bulk power system which adjusts active power and reactive power independently, there will be overshoots and oscillations. To solve this problem, a secondary control method based on control sensitivity is proposed for of active and reactive power coordinated control in microgrids. Firstly, the calculation formula of control sensitivity for secondary control is derived according to the primary control processes of different types of microgrids. Then, based on the control sensitivity, a quadratic programming model is established, aiming at minimizing the deviations of frequency and voltage and coordinated secondary control on active and reactive power. The adjustments of the secondary control are obtained by solving this model. Taking an islanded microgrid as the example, it is proved that the proposed method can improve the accuracy and stability of the secondary control in microgrid, comparing with the secondary control with independent adjustment of active and reactive power.

    Market and Flow Analysis
    Increment-exchange-based decentralized multi-objective optimal power flow algorithm for active distribution grids
    LU Wentian
    2024, 46(2):  43-48.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.006
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    With the access of high-proportion renewable energy to active distribution systems,the benefit allocation and competition between distribution network operators and energy system operators are complex. To increase the utilization rate of distributed energy resources, an increment-exchange-based decentralized multi-objective optimal power flow(MO-OPF)algorithm for distribution grids is proposed. During the solving of an MO-OPF model, network operators and multi-energy system operators will pursue their own operation objectives, while satisfying the voltages and branch power limits throughout the power grid. Since the proposed algorithm is decentralized,it can solve MO-OPF problems without exposing any private information of energy system operators to network operators. The core of the algorithm is to describe the impact of energy system operators on network operators with quadratic functions of coupling variables increments, which are obtained by network operators through accumulated quadratic programming. The case study on an IEEE 33-bus distribution system is carried out to demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can not only provide the Pareto optimal solution as the centralized optimization model does, but can also regulate the system voltage.

    Path optimization of regional integrated energy service providers' trades based on graph theory
    ZHOU Guanting, XU Kai, LIU Jianwei, LU Baixing, ZHANG Qiao, CHEN Xin
    2024, 46(2):  49-58.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.007
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    With the deepening of the power system reform, the number of regional energy service providers will continue to increase, the grid structure will become growingly complex, and the alternative paths between power purchasers and providers will rise. In this context, a two-step selection method for regional energy service providers' trading paths is proposed. The first-step optimization selection for the trading paths is made based on a p-median model. Considering the comprehensive construction and operation cost of the energy service system, the shortest distance between an energy station and a load center, and user's load demand, a multi-objective optimization model is constructed to select sites of regional integrated energy service providers. Then, the second-step optimization selection for regional energy service providers’ trading path is made based on OD matrix and double bound gravity model. Objective functions aiming to obtain the maximum electricity transmission amounts and the maximum daily operating profits of regional energy service providers will find out the optimal energy transmission paths between regional energy service providers. The proposed models are solved by enumeration method and Dijkstra algorithm, and the calculation results are tested by a simulated case study. The simulation results show that the proposed models can effectively reduce the network loss cost, cut the abandoned wind and PV power, and improve the operating profit of regional energy service providers.

    Grid-Connected Control of New Energy
    Secondary frequency modulation control strategy for large-scale grid-side energy storage devices in new power systems
    SUN Na, DONG Haiying, CHEN Wei, MA Hulin
    2024, 46(2):  59-67.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.008
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    In view of the frequency fluctuation of the new power system caused by large-scale new energy grid connection, a secondary frequency modulation control strategy for grid-side energy storage devices is proposed, which takes the grid frequency modulation demand and batteries'frequency modulation capability into account. Based on the frequency modulation requirements of the power grid, the dual-signal adaptive switching control for the energy storage system in response to automatic power generation control instructions takes the advantages of the two frequency modulation signals,improving the frequency modulation command response capacity. Then, the frequency deviation can be controlled in a smaller range by this method. The proposed control strategy is verified by Matlab/Simulink, and the results show that the strategy, being able to suppress the frequency deviation, can effectively avoid overcharging and over-discharging of the energy storage system and maintain the SOC of each energy storage units.

    Electric power and energy rebalancing method for new power systems at receiving ends of industrial parks
    KONG Huichao, WANG Wenzhong, LEI Yi, PENG Jing, LI Haibo
    2024, 46(2):  68-74.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.009
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    Electricity consumption accounts for a high proportion in the total energy consumption of domestic industrial parks. In response to green and low-carbon development initiative of industrial parks, an electric power and energy rebalancing method for new power systems at the receiving ends of industrial parks is proposed. Firstly, electric power and energy demands are forecasted, and their initial balances are struck. Then, taking the coordination of source-grid-load-storage ends of a distribution network, and the energy conservation, electricity substitution, various distributed power sources, energy storage and demand response capability of industrial parks into consideration, electric power and energy are rebalanced. The proportions of electricity purchased from external power grid and electricity generated in the industrial park are annually adjusted according to the rebalancing results. Then, an evaluation system with quantitative indicators including carbon reduction effect and the size of power systems is established, which can evaluate the reduction effect on substation and distribution capacities and carbon emissions brought by electric power and energy rebalance. Finally, the proposed method is validated by a case of a new power system in an industrial park in southern China. The results indicate that: by 2030, the designed substation and distribution capacity of this park can be reduced by 10.1%, and the comprehensive carbon emission factor of electricity consumption can be reduced from 0.60 kg/(kW·h) to 0.54 kg/(kW·h); by 2060, the designed substation and distribution capacity can be reduced by 9.57%, and electricity substitution will reduce the carbon emissions by 58 500 t per year. The rebalance method provides a strong theoretical support for the planning of new power systems at receiving ends.

    Analysis on solar energy resources distribution of four provinces in northwestern China and long-term variation
    LI Chunhua, ZHU Biao
    2024, 46(2):  75-81.  doi:10.3969/j.issn.2097-0706.2024.02.010
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    According to the meteorological data of four provinces in northwestern China from 1978 to 2017, the spatial distribution characteristics of the total solar radiation in this region are analyzed. Based on the solar energy resources zoning map, the long-term variation trend of the total solar radiation in this region that has not been studied is analyzed.And the results show that the average annual radiation of recent years varies from 3 676 to 7 036 MJ/m2. The irradiance gradually decreases from northwest to southeast,and the high-value areas mainly locate in most portions of Qinghai, western Hexi Region of Gansu,most portions of Ningxia and northern Shaanxi.The seasonal solar radiation peaks in summer and bottoms out in winter. In long term, the total solar radiation of the four provinces shows a decreasing trend, and that of the central and western Qinghai is of the highest descent rate, while that of western Hexi Region and some parts of northern Shaanxi shows prominent increases. The variation trend of total solar radiation varies in four seasons, the value shows the most prominent decrease tendency in autumn while shows increase tendency in spring. The understanding on long-term variation tendency of solar energy resources provides references for the long-term profiting and risk prevention of photovoltaic power plants.